@prefix psr: <http://data.loterre.fr/ark:/67375/PSR> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

psr: a skos:ConceptScheme .
psr:-RBFVN7DN-2
  skos:prefLabel "mathematical constant"@en, "constante mathématique"@fr ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower psr:-FQQPBBBB-K .

psr:-FQQPBBBB-K
  skos:definition """The number <b><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span></b> is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that can be characterized in many ways. It is the base of natural logarithms. It is the limit of <span class="texhtml">(1 + 1/<i>n</i>)<sup><i>n</i></sup></span> as <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span> approaches infinity, an expression that arises in the computation of compound interest. It can also be calculated as the sum of the infinite series <div class="mwe-math-element"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle e=\\\\sum \\\\limits _{n=0}^{\\\\infty }{\\rac {1}{n!}}=1+{\\rac {1}{1}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\\\cdot 2}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\\\cdot 2\\\\cdot 3}}+\\\\cdots .}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>e</mi>         <mo>=</mo>         <munderover>           <mo movablelimits="false">∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi>n</mi>             <mo>=</mo>             <mn>0</mn>           </mrow>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>           </mrow>         </munderover>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mrow>               <mi>n</mi>               <mo>!</mo>             </mrow>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>=</mo>         <mn>1</mn>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mn>1</mn>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mrow>               <mn>1</mn>               <mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>               <mn>2</mn>             </mrow>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mrow>               <mn>1</mn>               <mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>               <mn>2</mn>               <mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>               <mn>3</mn>             </mrow>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>         <mo>.</mo>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle e=\\\\sum \\\\limits _{n=0}^{\\\\infty }{\\rac {1}{n!}}=1+{\\rac {1}{1}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\\\cdot 2}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\\\cdot 2\\\\cdot 3}}+\\\\cdots .}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></div><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f9a1f86072b07e1f69d5e21571c207d52680d8f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:44.702ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle e=\\\\sum \\\\limits _{n=0}^{\\\\infty }{\\rac {1}{n!}}=1+{\\rac {1}{1}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\\\cdot 2}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\\\cdot 2\\\\cdot 3}}+\\\\cdots .}"></div> It is also the unique positive number <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">a</span> such that the graph of the function <span class="texhtml"><i>y</i> = <i>a</i><sup><i>x</i></sup></span> has a slope of 1 at <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> = 0</span>. The (natural) exponential function <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i>(<i>x</i>) = <i>e</i><sup><i>x</i></sup></span> is the unique function <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">f</span> that equals its own derivative and satisfies the equation <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i>(0) = 1</span>; hence one can also define <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> as <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i>(1)</span>. The natural logarithm, or logarithm to base <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span>, is the inverse function to the natural exponential function. The natural logarithm of a number <span class="texhtml"><i>k</i> &gt; 1</span> can be defined directly as the area under the curve <span class="texhtml"><i>y</i> = 1/<i>x</i></span> between <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> = 1</span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> = <i>k</i></span>, in which case <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> is the value of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">k</span> for which this area equals <span class="texhtml">1</span> (see image). There are various other characterizations. The number <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> is sometimes called <b>Euler's number</b>, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle \\\\gamma }">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle \\\\gamma }</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="\\\\gamma "></span>. Alternatively, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> can be called <b>Napier's constant</b> after John Napier. The constant was discovered by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli while studying compound interest. The number <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> is of great importance in mathematics, alongside 0, 1, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span>, and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>. All five appear in one formulation of Euler's identity <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle e^{i\\\\pi }+1=0}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <msup>           <mi>e</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi>i</mi>             <mi>π<!-- π --></mi>           </mrow>         </msup>         <mo>+</mo>         <mn>1</mn>         <mo>=</mo>         <mn>0</mn>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle e^{i\\\\pi }+1=0}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7464809a40f9e486de3a454745f572fbf8bb256" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.089ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle e^{i\\\\pi }+1=0}"></span> and play important and recurring roles across mathematics. Like the constant <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span>, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> is irrational, meaning that it cannot be represented as a ratio of integers, and moreover it is transcendental, meaning that it is not a root of any non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients. To 40 decimal places, the value of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">e</span> is:  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><span style="white-space:nowrap">2.71828<span style="margin-left:0.25em">18284</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">59045</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">23536</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">02874</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">71352</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">66249</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">77572...</span> 
<br/>(Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)</a>)"""@en, """Le <b>nombre <span class="texhtml">e</span></b> est la base des logarithmes naturels, c'est-à-dire le nombre défini par <span class="texhtml">ln(e) = 1</span>. Cette constante mathématique</span>, également appelée nombre d'Euler</span> ou <b>constante de Néper</b> en référence aux mathématiciens Leonhard Euler et John Napier</span>, vaut environ 2,71828. Ce nombre est défini à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</abbr> siècle, dans une correspondance entre Leibniz et Christian Huygens, comme étant la base du logarithme naturel. Autrement dit, il est caractérisé par la relation <span class="texhtml">ln(e) = 1</span> ou de façon équivalente il est l'image de 1 par la fonction exponentielle, d'où la notation <span class="texhtml">exp(<i>x</i>) = e<sup><i>x</i></sup></span>. La décomposition de cette fonction en série entière mène à la définition de <span class="texhtml">e</span> par Euler comme somme de la série</span> : <span style="display: block; margin-left:1.6em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle \\\\mathrm {e} =1+{\\rac {1}{1}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2\\	imes 3}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2\\	imes 3\\	imes 4}}+\\\\cdots =\\\\sum _{n=0}^{+\\\\infty }{\\\\dfrac {1}{n!}}.}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>         </mrow>         <mo>=</mo>         <mn>1</mn>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mn>1</mn>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mrow>               <mn>1</mn>               <mo>×<!-- × --></mo>               <mn>2</mn>             </mrow>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mrow>               <mn>1</mn>               <mo>×<!-- × --></mo>               <mn>2</mn>               <mo>×<!-- × --></mo>               <mn>3</mn>             </mrow>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mfrac>             <mn>1</mn>             <mrow>               <mn>1</mn>               <mo>×<!-- × --></mo>               <mn>2</mn>               <mo>×<!-- × --></mo>               <mn>3</mn>               <mo>×<!-- × --></mo>               <mn>4</mn>             </mrow>           </mfrac>         </mrow>         <mo>+</mo>         <mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>         <mo>=</mo>         <munderover>           <mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi>n</mi>             <mo>=</mo>             <mn>0</mn>           </mrow>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mo>+</mo>             <mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>           </mrow>         </munderover>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">             <mfrac>               <mn>1</mn>               <mrow>                 <mi>n</mi>                 <mo>!</mo>               </mrow>             </mfrac>           </mstyle>         </mrow>         <mo>.</mo>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle \\\\mathrm {e} =1+{\\rac {1}{1}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2\\	imes 3}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2\\	imes 3\\	imes 4}}+\\\\cdots =\\\\sum _{n=0}^{+\\\\infty }{\\\\dfrac {1}{n!}}.}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a80eb67ff305ac45b163232e85438c9d7a3f9a2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:64.595ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle \\\\mathrm {e} =1+{\\rac {1}{1}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2\\	imes 3}}+{\\rac {1}{1\\	imes 2\\	imes 3\\	imes 4}}+\\\\cdots =\\\\sum _{n=0}^{+\\\\infty }{\\\\dfrac {1}{n!}}.}"></span></span> Ce nombre apparaît aussi comme limite de la suite numérique de terme général <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle \\\\left(1+{\\rac {1}{n}}\\ight)^{n}}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <msup>           <mrow>             <mo>(</mo>             <mrow>               <mn>1</mn>               <mo>+</mo>               <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">                 <mfrac>                   <mn>1</mn>                   <mi>n</mi>                 </mfrac>               </mrow>             </mrow>             <mo>)</mo>           </mrow>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi>n</mi>           </mrow>         </msup>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle \\\\left(1+{\\rac {1}{n}}\\ight)^{n}}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9705af6d6ec9a38964179ac734dcf9cf9fc164ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.873ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle \\\\left(1+{\\rac {1}{n}}\\ight)^{n}}"></span> et dans de nombreuses formules en analyse telles que l'identité d'Euler <span class="texhtml">e<sup>iπ</sup> = −1</span> ou la formule de Stirling qui donne un équivalent de la factorielle. Il intervient aussi en théorie des probabilités ou en combinatoire. Euler démontre en 1737 que <span class="texhtml">e</span> est irrationnel, donc que son développement décimal n'est pas périodique, et en donne une première approximation avec 23 décimales. Il explicite pour cela son développement en fraction continue. En 1873, Charles Hermite montre que le nombre <span class="texhtml">e</span> est même transcendant, c'est-à-dire qu'il n'est racine d'aucun polynôme non nul à coefficients entiers. 
<br/>(Wikipedia, L'Encylopédie Libre, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(nombre)">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(nombre)</a>)"""@fr ;
  skos:prefLabel "e"@fr, "e"@en ;
  skos:altLabel "constante de Néper"@fr, "Napier's constant"@en ;
  skos:inScheme psr: ;
  dc:created "2023-08-03"^^xsd:date ;
  dc:modified "2024-10-18"^^xsd:date ;
  skos:exactMatch <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(nombre)>, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)> ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader psr:-RBFVN7DN-2, psr:-L3LNPG9M-Q .

psr:-L3LNPG9M-Q
  skos:prefLabel "nombre transcendant"@fr, "transcendental number"@en ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower psr:-FQQPBBBB-K .

