@prefix psr: <http://data.loterre.fr/ark:/67375/PSR> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

psr:-JR0BZJDR-C
  skos:prefLabel "square matrix"@en, "matrice carrée"@fr ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:narrower psr:-CTNM46CQ-V .

psr: a skos:ConceptScheme .
psr:-MGX5TS98-7
  skos:prefLabel "Schur-Horn theorem"@en, "théorème de Schur-Horn"@fr ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader psr:-CTNM46CQ-V .

psr:-CTNM46CQ-V
  skos:altLabel "self-adjoint matrix"@en, "matrice auto-adjointe"@fr ;
  skos:narrower psr:-MGX5TS98-7 ;
  skos:exactMatch <https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitien#Op%C3%A9rateur_hermitien_et_matrice_hermitienne>, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix> ;
  skos:prefLabel "Hermitian matrix"@en, "matrice hermitienne"@fr ;
  skos:inScheme psr: ;
  skos:definition """Dans une base orthonormale, notons <i>A</i> la matrice d'un endomorphisme <i>u</i> et notons :  <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A^{*}=({\\ar {A}})^{\\\\mathsf {T}}}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>           </mrow>         </msup>         <mo>=</mo>         <mo stretchy="false">(</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mover>               <mi>A</mi>               <mo stretchy="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>             </mover>           </mrow>         </mrow>         <msup>           <mo stretchy="false">)</mo>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">               <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>             </mrow>           </mrow>         </msup>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A^{*}=({\\ar {A}})^{\\\\mathsf {T}}}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22370ab77aa44fa7236ab9b2f87493bab80da3d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.832ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A^{*}=({\\ar {A}})^{\\\\mathsf {T}}}"></span></dd></dl> la matrice transconjuguée (la matrice transposée de la matrice conjuguée, ou matrice adjointe) de <i>A</i>. Il y a équivalence entre :  <ul><li><i>u</i> est un opérateur hermitien</li> <li>Pour tous vecteurs colonnes <i>x</i> et <i>y</i> de taille <i>n</i>, le nombre <i>x</i>*<i>A</i>*<i>y</i> est égal à <i>x</i>*<i>Ay</i>.</li> <li>Pour tout vecteur colonne <i>x</i>, le nombre <i>x</i>*<i>Ax</i> est réel (d'après la caractérisation des formes hermitiennes).</li> <li><i>A</i> = <i>A</i>*. On dit dans ce cas que la matrice est hermitienne (ou auto-adjointe).</li></ul> Les éléments d'une matrice hermitienne (ou auto-adjointe) vérifient donc : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle (a_{i,j})=({\\\\overline {a_{j,i}}})}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mo stretchy="false">(</mo>         <msub>           <mi>a</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi>i</mi>             <mo>,</mo>             <mi>j</mi>           </mrow>         </msub>         <mo stretchy="false">)</mo>         <mo>=</mo>         <mo stretchy="false">(</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mover>             <msub>               <mi>a</mi>               <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">                 <mi>j</mi>                 <mo>,</mo>                 <mi>i</mi>               </mrow>             </msub>             <mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>           </mover>         </mrow>         <mo stretchy="false">)</mo>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle (a_{i,j})=({\\\\overline {a_{j,i}}})}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5a36e3f294d0eb4d437b93bcd6939448e74ac96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.161ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle (a_{i,j})=({\\\\overline {a_{j,i}}})}"></span>. Toute matrice hermitienne <i>A</i> est diagonalisable à l'aide d'une matrice de passage unitaire, ses valeurs propres sont réelles et ses sous-espaces propres sont deux à deux orthogonaux. Autrement dit, il existe une matrice unitaire <i>U</i> (dont les colonnes sont les vecteurs propres de <i>A</i>), et une matrice diagonale <i>D</i> (dont les coefficients sont précisément les valeurs propres de <i>A</i>), telles que :  <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A=UDU^{*}}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>A</mi>         <mo>=</mo>         <mi>U</mi>         <mi>D</mi>         <msup>           <mi>U</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>           </mrow>         </msup>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A=UDU^{*}}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ef144012b04ddf7d0c21b61126c9f6ac99ad6e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.444ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A=UDU^{*}}"></span></dd></dl> (C'est un cas particulier du théorème de décomposition de Schur.)  
<br/>(Wikipedia, L'Encylopédie Libre, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitien#Op%C3%A9rateur_hermitien_et_matrice_hermitienne">https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitien#Op%C3%A9rateur_hermitien_et_matrice_hermitienne</a>)"""@fr, """In mathematics, a <b>Hermitian matrix</b> (or <b>self-adjoint matrix</b>) is a complex square matrix that is equal to its own conjugate transpose—that is, the element in the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>-th row and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">j</span>-th column is equal to the complex conjugate of the element in the <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">j</span>-th row and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span>-th column, for all indices <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">i</span> and <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">j</span>: <div class="mwe-math-element"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad a_{ij}={\\\\overline {{a}_{ji}}}}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>A</mi>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mtext> Hermitian</mtext>         </mrow>         <mspace width="1em"></mspace>         <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>         <mo stretchy="false">⟺<!-- ⟺ --></mo>         <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>         <mspace width="1em"></mspace>         <msub>           <mi>a</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mi>i</mi>             <mi>j</mi>           </mrow>         </msub>         <mo>=</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mover>             <msub>               <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">                 <mi>a</mi>               </mrow>               <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">                 <mi>j</mi>                 <mi>i</mi>               </mrow>             </msub>             <mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>           </mover>         </mrow>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad a_{ij}={\\\\overline {{a}_{ji}}}}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></div><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e72a9c74052af1c4ed81b610b8cd2da2ad764ffe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.77ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad a_{ij}={\\\\overline {{a}_{ji}}}}"></div> or in matrix form: <div class="mwe-math-element"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad A={\\\\overline {A^{\\\\mathsf {T}}}}.}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>A</mi>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mtext> Hermitian</mtext>         </mrow>         <mspace width="1em"></mspace>         <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>         <mo stretchy="false">⟺<!-- ⟺ --></mo>         <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>         <mspace width="1em"></mspace>         <mi>A</mi>         <mo>=</mo>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mover>             <msup>               <mi>A</mi>               <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">                 <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">                   <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">T</mi>                 </mrow>               </mrow>             </msup>             <mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>           </mover>         </mrow>         <mo>.</mo>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad A={\\\\overline {A^{\\\\mathsf {T}}}}.}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></div><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05f4b42d3872aa3e71b8033a7a4cebbec61c8215" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:32.84ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad A={\\\\overline {A^{\\\\mathsf {T}}}}.}"></div> Hermitian matrices can be understood as the complex extension of real symmetric matrices. If the conjugate transpose of a matrix <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>A</mi>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A}"></span> is denoted by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\mathsf {H}},}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">               <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi>             </mrow>           </mrow>         </msup>         <mo>,</mo>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\mathsf {H}},}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a3464c251708923c86896824882d00d79f02829" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.786ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\mathsf {H}},}"></span> then the Hermitian property can be written concisely as <div class="mwe-math-element"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad A=A^{\\\\mathsf {H}}}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <mi>A</mi>         <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">           <mtext> Hermitian</mtext>         </mrow>         <mspace width="1em"></mspace>         <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>         <mo stretchy="false">⟺<!-- ⟺ --></mo>         <mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>         <mspace width="1em"></mspace>         <mi>A</mi>         <mo>=</mo>         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">               <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi>             </mrow>           </mrow>         </msup>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad A=A^{\\\\mathsf {H}}}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></div><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/291d260bf69b764e75818669ab27870d58771e1f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:32.123ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A{\\	ext{ Hermitian}}\\\\quad \\\\iff \\\\quad A=A^{\\\\mathsf {H}}}"></div> Hermitian matrices are named after Charles Hermite, who demonstrated in 1855 that matrices of this form share a property with real symmetric matrices of always having real eigenvalues. Other, equivalent notations in common use are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\mathsf {H}}=A^{\\\\dagger }=A^{\\\\ast },}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">               <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">H</mi>             </mrow>           </mrow>         </msup>         <mo>=</mo>         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mo>†<!-- † --></mo>           </mrow>         </msup>         <mo>=</mo>         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>           </mrow>         </msup>         <mo>,</mo>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\mathsf {H}}=A^{\\\\dagger }=A^{\\\\ast },}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae07db5129cd41637e87255526bf6f5ef8890a2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.485ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\mathsf {H}}=A^{\\\\dagger }=A^{\\\\ast },}"></span> although in quantum mechanics, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\ast }}">   <semantics>     <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">       <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">         <msup>           <mi>A</mi>           <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">             <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>           </mrow>         </msup>       </mstyle>     </mrow>     <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\ast }}</annotation>   </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5541bfa07743be995242c892c344395e672d6fa2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\\\\displaystyle A^{\\\\ast }}"></span> typically means the complex conjugate only, and not the conjugate transpose.  
<br/>(Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix</a>)"""@en ;
  dc:modified "2024-10-18"^^xsd:date ;
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader psr:-JR0BZJDR-C .

